For sterilization purposes, generally, X-rays are used which cause:

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Mutation in bacterial genome. A is the most suitable option since X-rays do cause mutations in bacterial genomes and prevent them from dividing. Ionizing radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays can easily penetrate most tissues, and kill bacteria by causing irreparable DNA damage. Many Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, and Salmonella.

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Denaturation of bacterial proteins

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Activation of bacteria

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Bacteria to become pathogen

For sterilization purposes, generally, X-rays are used which cause:

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