The Calvin cycle is:

Explanation

The Calvin cycle, also known as the dark reactions or light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, does not directly depend on light. Unlike the light-dependent reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes and require light energy, the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and can proceed in the absence of light. The Calvin cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that lead to the synthesis of carbohydrates (such as glucose) from carbon dioxide. It involves the fixation of carbon dioxide, the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and the regeneration of the initial carbon dioxide acceptor, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. The energy and reducing power needed for these reactions come from ATP and NADPH, which are produced during the light-dependent reactions.