The cyclic series of reactions by which the carbon is fixed and reduced, resulting in the synthesis of sugar, is called:

Explanation

The correct answer is the Calvin cycle. This cycle is the set of light-independent reactions where carbon dioxide is fixed and reduced to form glucose, using ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions. Cyclic phosphorylation and non-cyclic phosphorylation are processes that occur during the light-dependent reactions, primarily involved in the production of ATP and NADPH, but they do not directly fix carbon or produce sugars. The Z-scheme is a model that describes the flow of electrons in the light-dependent reactions and does not include the carbon fixation process.